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July 2009: Carbohydrates
and the Food Mood Connection
Anxiety and
depression are often treated with medication that alters the effect of a mood hormone called serotonin. When serotonin levels
in the brain are high, people are calm, patient, and optimistic. When levels are low, people can suffer from anxiety, depression,
or become irritable. Is it possible to alter this hormone with diet? Absolutely! Serotonin is made in the body from an essential amino acid called tryptophan with the help of nutrients such as folic acid (think
beans and greens as good sources), vitamin B6 (cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, kale, collards, garlic), and vitamin C (papaya,
bell peppers, broccoli, papaya, strawberries). Unfortunately, tryptophan happens
to be the least plentiful of 22 common amino acids in our typical diets with a meager average intake of 1 to 1.5 g per day.
Tryptophan also has a few more hurdles before it
can get to the brain and make serotonin. If a person is deficient in vitamin B3 (niacin), 60mg of that person’s
tryptophan may be used up in order to make 1mg of niacin. If what little tryptophan that is around makes it to the blood brain barrier,
it has to compete with 5 other amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, isoleucine, leucine, and valine) in order to actually
get passage into the brain. The sorry truth is that approximately 1% of ingested tryptophan ends up in the brain, and unless
people are eating lots of fruits and vegetables rich in folic acid, vitamin C,
and B6, the conversion to serotonin might not be too good.
What can you do with your diet to increase the odds of getting more serotonin?
1. Eat complex carbohydrates with every protein rich meal, and eat less meat as a protein source. Complex carbohydrates stimulate the secretion of insulin at
a steady rate from the pancreas. Insulin acts like a key to allow muscles to suck up the amino acids that compete with tryptophan
for passage into the brain. With less competition at the blood brain barrier,
then significantly more tryptophan passes easily where it is needed most. This may be why depressed people naturally crave
carbohydrates: to stimulate the production of more of the anti-depressant neurotransmitter serotonin. The key to this process
is making sure these are unrefined, low glycemic load (raise blood
sugar slowly) carbohydrates like beans, legumes, and whole grains.
Refined carbohydrates and sugar-laden foods like pastries, sweetened cereals, beverages, or candy can cause a quick spike
in insulin. This may cause an opposite effect of having tryptophan being converted to things other than serotonin. Meat contains
higher amounts of the amino acids that compete with tryptophan to become serotonin. Vegetarian meals allow for higher serotonin
levels in the brain.
2. Eat plenty of the fruits and vegetables that
contain the needed nutrients to help in the conversion of tryptophan to serotonin.
For example, broccoli is a good source for folic acid, vitamin C, and vitamin B6. All dark green leafy vegetables are very
beneficial as well.
3. Stay away from foods that
irritate your upper intestinal tract. People that have reactions to either dairy
(casein, whey, and/or lactose), or gluten (wheat, barley, rye) often have compromised digestion (breaking food particles from
large to small), and absorption in the upper intestinal tract. Unfortunately, this may leave them with lower amounts of important
mood nutrients such as tryptophan and folic acid in their bodies. Studies show that even celiac patients who have been
on a gluten-free
diet for 10 years may need additional folic acid supplementation to bring levels back to normal.
4. Realize that the consumption of gluten may alter
mood all by itself if a person is immunologically reactive to it. Even the National
Institute for Health recognizes that one of the most common symptoms in children with gluten sensitivities is behavior change
including ADD/ADHD like behavior. International gluten expert Dr. Peter Green stated his New England Journal of Medicine review
article that around 50% of all gluten reactions take place outside of the intestinal tract in places like the central
nervous system.
5. If depression, anxiety, or insomnia is persistent it is often advised that
you consult your health care practitioner about nutritional supplementation or further testing to evaluate the disorder. Many alternative
practitioners consider recommending supplemental tryptophan, 5-HTP (5-hydroxytryptophan), 5-MTHF (5-methyltetrahydrofolate),
vitamin B6, and other nutrients as well as dietary change.
We recommend you consult your health care practitioner as mood disorders may
be quite serious.
***This information is for educational purposes
only and is not intended for diagnoses or treatment of any disorder.
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March / April 2009: Common Nutritional Deficiencies in Celiac Disease
Celiac disease is diagnosed by determining
that there is damage to the upper intestines. The damaged areas that are most often observed are the duodenum and jejunum.
These are two of the most important areas for the absorption of beneficial fatty acids and fat soluble nutrients like vitamins
A, D, E, and K. The minerals zinc, magnesium, calcium, and iron are also known to be absorbed in these regions as well. It
has been observed via numerous articles that folic acid and iron deficiencies are of particular concern in individuals with
celiac disease. This is likely the reason behind the increased incidence of anemia that is found in celiac
disease patients. However, injury to the area where nutrients are absorbed is only a part of the problem. These same injured
tissues are responsible for other jobs in the task of digesting foods. Digestion is the process of breaking large particles into smaller particles. This allows us
to get foods into to small enough pieces to pass through tiny channels and transporters and into our bodies. If the foods
are not broken down enough, bacteria in the intestines can feed off of it and that can cause bacterial imbalances. As it turns out, there are important substances
that are supposed to be secreted from the very same tissues that get damaged in celiac disease. One of these substances is
called lactase. This enzyme is responsible for breaking down (digesting) the sugar found in dairy products called lactose.
Because of this, celiac patients are more often lactose intolerant. Researchers are also finding that up to 50% of celiac
patients may have an immune response to dairy that is similar to that of a gluten response. Therefore, dairy products may
be best to avoid for celiac patients. Another substance that is supposed to be secreted from the surface cells of the upper intestines is called cholecystokinin
or CCK. This hormone is responsible for convincing the gallbladder to move and squirt out bile. Bile is a substance that is
needed to emulsify fats. What does that mean? Imagine a pile of greasy dishes sitting in your sink with hot water in them.
What happens when you put dishwashing liquid into the greasy hot water in the dishes? The fat in the water scatters and breaks
apart into lots of little pieces. That is exactly what bile does to the fats that you eat. It is an important part digestion
as it breaks fats into smaller pieces. Beyond stimulating the gallbladder to secret bile, CCK also tells the pancreas to secrete
important enzymes to break down proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. People with impaired enzyme secretion have been shown to
suffer more often with bowel related disorders including the common chronic diarrhea associated with some celiac patients.
In individuals with celiac disease, CCK signaling may be impaired due to the damage of tissues where it is secreted leading
to all of the above complications and subsequent nutritional deficiencies. Why is this so? When we ingest foods that have fat in them, we need to have
bile break those fats down, have pancreatic enzymes (lipases) break them down more, and then they need to pass through healthy
intestinal tissue to be absorbed. We now know that all of those steps may be impaired in individuals with celiac disease.
Unfortunately, essential fatty acids, and the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K all rely on these processes working in order
for optimal absorption. This explains the deficiencies of these nutrients seen in some people with celiac disease. Interestingly,
when fats are not absorbed well in the intestines, they may bind to minerals and form soap-like substances that can contribute
to digestive symptoms like diarrhea. Two of the common minerals that get bound by these fats are calcium and magnesium. With
calcium, vitamin D, and magnesium potentially lower in celiac disease, it may not come as a surprise that bone density issues
are common in celiac patients. Absorption
of folic acid, iron, and zinc takes place in the exact areas where there may be potential injury in celiac disease. These
nutrients also have a need for adequate acid coming from the stomach in order to be both digested and absorbed well. The transporters
that they use for absorption actually rely on acid to function optimally. Unpublished preliminary data has shown that gastric
acid secretion may be compromised in celiac patients more often than people without celiac disease. Less acid in these individuals
leads to less absorption and more deficiencies. Gluten sensitivity and celiac disease are life long disorders associated with numerous symptoms and complications.
Among the long list of concerns, we may want to add potential deficiencies in vitamins A, D, E, K, essential fatty acids,
folic acid, iron, magnesium, calcium, and zinc.
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January / February 2009: What is the Elimination Diet and How
does it Work?
The elimination diet is a process of isolating foods that could be potentially causing the
immune system to over react. We are all biochemically unique. Why is it then that we assume we can all tolerate the same foods?
What might be food for one, may be poison for another. But how do you find out what foods may be irritating you, and what
foods may be nourishing you? Over many years, practitioners around the globe have found that taking potentially irritating
foods such as gluten, dairy, soy, eggs, yeast, and corn, out of the diet for a period of weeks and then adding them back in
can cause changes in a persons body that will clue them in to what is working and what is not. For example,
numerous people in Tom’s practice have had migraines, chronic fatigue, joint pain, bowel discomfort, stomach problems
and other ailments that were never helped with their traditional medical treatments. In many cases, these problems persisted
in his clients or got worse over time. When these people eliminated potentially problematic foods for 3 or more weeks using
the elimination diet in our book, amazing things started to happen. Decades of rheumatoid arthritis, chronic fatigue, headaches,
stubborn belly fat, unexplained diarrhea, nausea, and constipation all miraculously got better. What is the elimination
diet? It is a program of eating designed to calm and balance the body. Once the body is calm, and the disease symptoms diminish,
it becomes noticeable to a person when a “trouble” food is eaten and the symptoms come back. Our elimination program starts with a detoxification phase followed by a phase (phase 1) of balancing neutral foods,
and then slowly adds back foods over phase 2 and the challenge phase.
The detoxification phase, the first
2 days, in which green smoothies are the only thing consumed, will begin to calm the immune system and clear the gut. If you
have a number of health issues then this phase can be made longer for maximum benefit. Phase 1 is sort
of like a baseline diet, consisting of foods that normally don’t cause an immune response and are anti-inflammatory.
When you eat foods that your body does not tolerate you will have a high amount of chemicals circulating in your blood that
regulate inflammation. Inflammation is a sign that your immune system is battling something. Anytime you have a battle, you
have collateral damage. So along with the foreign cells that are attacked by the immune system, good cells are damaged or
destroyed as well. So what happens when you eat Phase 1 foods? Balance. If you have been causing damage 3 to 5
times a day then you not only stop the damage, but increase the beneficial chemicals coming into your body from your food.
You start the healing process. From here we begin to introduce foods back into the diet during Phase
2, one by one, to note any reaction. Lemons and tamari are first on the list. Initially we felt that tamari was not as reactive
as other soy products in most people. But now after a few years of results we see that tamari can be very reactive in people
with compromised digestion. It will be up to you to decide if you would like to wait on this. Phase 3 consists
of slowly adding back foods that sometimes cause irritations in people. These include nightshade vegetables, fish, bananas,
kiwi, and others. You can introduce soy back in at this time as we say in our book, though we recommend waiting until the
challenge phase to introduce this. Take it slow. There is no need to rush the diet. By now you will have plenty of foods to
eat. You can do it in 28 days or draw it out to two months if your immune system and digestion are severely compromised. The challenge phase consists of adding back in foods that often cause an irritation in most people (to some degree).
These foods include gluten, oats, corn, *soy, dairy, eggs, and yeast. Please refer to our cookbook for the details of this
phase. It is very important to isolate these foods. For instance we use rye to test for a gluten reaction. What are some of the benefits of this diet other than finding reactive foods? Well for starters, most people lose a bit of weight. A
lot of it is water weight at first from inflammation in the body. Then, eventually, as your body becomes more efficient and
your digestive system more effective, you will begin to lose excess fat. Energy levels are commonly noted. People simply have
more energy and feel great. Most do not want to go back to their old eating habits because they feel so good. Nearly every
aspect of your physical and emotional body is altered when doing this diet.
Please
visit our blog for elimination diet recipes. For more information on this diet please see our Elimination Diet Page on this site.
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November / December 2008: Folic Acid, Autism, Pregnancy, and Heart Disease
This
time of year, many of us are dreaming of warmer, greener places. Places where we can eat fresh produce and smell the scent
of sweet flowers. Our bodies naturally crave the warmth, sunshine, and nutrients found in fresh foods. One of those nutrients
is folic acid. The name folic acid is derived from the Latin word folium meaning leaf. Not surprisingly, green leafy vegetables
are some of the best food sources for folic acid. In fact, it appears that we are biochemically designed
to depend on green leafy vegetables for normal function of every cell of our bodies. Pregnancy
In every human cell,
there is a center or nucleus that contains a template (DNA) for that cell to make proteins it needs to replicate, communicate,
recuperate, or even exist. Folic acid is used in the process to make the foundation or base pairs that make up DNA. Without
adequate DNA replication, our cells cannot mature and develop properly. In a newly developing child in its mother’s
womb, there are numerous cells needing rapid replication in the Central Nervous System. This area will eventually become a
fully developed spinal cord and brain. If the mother and consequently fetus are deficient in folic acid, normal replication
and function are impaired and fetal development disorders such as neural tube defects (spina bifida) may result. How it Works Folic acid is also used in a process (methylation) that tells the cell where to open
our DNA to make the optimal proteins for that cell. Have you ever stopped to think that every cell in your body has the exact
same DNA, but looks and behaves differently depending on where it is located? For example, we have the same DNA in our eyes
as we do in our fingernails. How is it that those cells can be so different? Part of the answer is how we open or “read”
the DNA in the cells. That process is modified by the folic acid-dependent process called methylation. What is methylation?
That is a biochemistry term that simply means moving one carbon molecule around. Of course the process is a little more complicated
and involves 3 hydrogens as well, but for simplicity sake, this is the bodies way of remodeling cells by adding an additional
carbon. In the body, form equals function. If a cell takes on a different shape by changing it’s
carbon structure, it also takes on a different function. Molecules, cells, proteins - they all interact by coming in contact
with other shapes. When they dock or “mate,” they alter each other’s shape or “form.” With this
new “form” they can they go “mate” with other compatible forms and change their “form.”
This is how “IN-FORM-MATE-TION” is passed on. Heart Disease and Autism
Folic acid in a special
form (5-Methyltetrahydrofolate or 5-MTHF) is a key methyl donor in the human body. It works with a kind fellow named SAMe
(S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine) to put carbons in places that allow for the body to work well. 5-MTHF gives a carbon to homocysteine
(a known risk factor for heart disease, and stroke) turning it back to the essential amino acid methionine which becomes SAMe.
SAMe then donates carbons on to the Dopamine4 receptor in the brain giving us the ability to, among other things, contemplate
our existence on this planet. When this function of SAM is depleted by a lack of nutrients like folic acid (5-Methyl folic
acid), and B12 (Methylcoblamin), attention deficits, and behavior disorders may result. Drs. Richard Deth, James Neubrander,
and Sandra Jill James have been studying the results of these deficiencies in autism and have shown amazing results with supplementation
of folic acid, B12, and other methylation supporting nutrients. Depression If that’s not enough reason to make
sure you get plenty of beans and greens in your daily diet, there have been some great studies linking depression to folic
acid use as well. See the link entitled "Folic Acid" below for a very recent article in the Alternative Medicine
Review. Recommendations Unfortunately, approximately 60% of the general population has a sluggish ability to manufacture
5-MTHF or Methyl Folic Acid in the body. This is a good argument for making sure your folic acid supplements
contain 5-MTHF and not just folic acid. Scientists have found that folic acid and 5-MTHF are absorbed in the upper small intestines
and that they need adequate gastric acid to be absorbed well. If someone is gluten or dairy sensitive, is on a gastric acid
medication for GERD (Prilosec, Nexium, Prevacid, Zantac, etc…), has cystic fibrosis, Whipple’s disease, gastric
bypass, or other stomach or small intestine disorders, they might have an increased need for folic acid. Current (1998) recommendations
are 400mcg per day for adults, and 600-800mcg per day for pregnant woman, and 500-600mcg per day for breastfeeding women.
Current research has shown positive results with varying doses that could be much higher depending on the disease state. Most
all diseases benefit from the increase in green leafy vegetables, i.e. folic acid. Folic Acid
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July / August 2008: Weight Loss: Is it All About the Calories?
A recent research article
estimated that, at our current rate of growth, over 80% of the US population will be overweight or obese by 2030. With
our media projecting images of slender and fit stars every second of the day, it is no wonder that many people want to lose
weight. Over the last few decades, the standard advice has been “decrease calories, and increase exercise.” Over
that same time frame we have increased our weight consistently. In clinical practice, this “calorie in, calorie out”
equation only works some of the time, and it often leaves people feeling like they are “bad” for eating when they
are hungry. But is that how we got fat to begin with? Is it because we ate too much and exercised too little? Or are there
other factors involved? Things to
Ponder
Three
successful diet and weight loss plans, The Atkin’s Diet, the Ornish Diet, and the McDougall Diet, allow people to eat
as much as they want. All three allow for people to lose weight. The Atkins diet has shown some potential health risks in
some research studies, but is effective at lowering body weight and body fat. The McDougall program has an average weekly
weight loss of 3.5 pounds per week, and the Ornish program has been shown to reverse both cardiovascular disease and prostate
cancer progression along with weight loss. In his book, The China Study, researcher T. Colin Campbell clearly states that
people eating a plant-based diet, rich in whole foods, can eat more calories than their meat-eating counterparts and still
weigh less. With these facts in mind, it appears that the quality of the food we eat, perhaps more than the quantity, has
more of an effect on weight loss than previously thought. Signals in Food
Scientists have discovered that we have more gene expression within two hours
of eating than we do most any other time in life. This is because food is information. It contains signaling molecules that
speak to our genes. Did you know there are chemicals in broccoli, cabbage, and Brussel sprouts that help our genes make more
antioxidant proteins? Beyond calories, carbs, fat, and protein, plants contain chemicals that change cellular function above
and beyond what was ever previously thought. It is expected that scientists will discover over 40,000 powerful plant compounds
in the next ten years that are found in our food supply. When we eat plants in their whole unadulterated form, we receive
the genius that nature had intended to nourish and protect our cells. If you want to know what happens to people when they
eat foods that are processed, bleached, treated with chemicals, grown in depleted soils, filled with preservatives, sweeteners,
additives, and colorings, just look at the US and our epidemic proportions of obesity. These foods confuse the body to a point
of making it want to protect itself with a buffering substance called fat. Why Starvation Does Not Work
Hunger is a natural signal from the body telling you to eat. The sensation of
hunger comes from a host of hormones that respond to internal chemical signaling. The sensation of being full comes from another
set of hormones and chemical signals. Do you know how to confuse those signaling pathways? Stress out. Stress hormones are
powerful manipulators of most all hormonal pathways. They are the trump cards that make sure that running away from a lion
takes priority over anything else. Do you know what one of the most powerful stressors is in human existence? Starvation.
This is why numerous studies have shown that eating a good sized breakfast to break
your morning fast, and continuing with frequent meals throughout the day can lead to consistent weight loss. We
have numerous success stories of people eating whole foods frequently throughout the day and losing weight without trying.
Fat tissue does not use much energy. Lean Muscle tissue does. In fact, lean muscle likes to be fed frequently. If you want
to lose weight AND maintain lean muscle tissue, starvation is not the best way. Eating whole foods that supply steady, clean
burning energy throughout the day works.
Why Whole Foods Work
Nature is wise. It provides us with fiber, powerful antioxidants, and nutrients
that nourish every cell. By eating a diet rich in plant foods like vegetables, fruits, whole grains, beans and legumes, nuts
and seeds, you:
1. Provide beneficial fibers that bind to secreted toxin-laden fat in the intestines
and get it out of the body. During weight loss, many toxic chemicals that were stored in your fat for many years are released
into the bloodstream. Canadian researchers have found that some chemicals even alter thyroid function to a point of halting
weight loss altogether. Having plenty of fiber, and potent antioxidants in the diet allows the body to process these
toxins and effectively eliminate them.
2.
Provide all the necessary vitamins and minerals
that your body needs for processing the energy from food, and protecting itself from damage. Dr. Sydney Baker estimates that
the majority of the US population is deficient in the mineral magnesium. Beans, legumes, greens, nuts, seeds, and whole grains
are excellent sources of this mineral. Some experts say this mineral is the most important cofactor for energy use and production
in the entire body.
3. Provide incredible antioxidant protection. The thousands of antioxidant chemicals
found in plants help support the survival of our cells that are under constant attack. It is estimated that every cell in
our body takes a thousand oxidant hits a day. The most potent compounds to regulate this activity come from vegetables, fruits,
and whole grains. (Cornell University researches recently found potent antioxidant compounds in whole grains).
Extra Tips
for Weight Loss
- 2 cups of green or white tea per day have been shown to accelerate
weight loss. Try using the same tea bag over again. This lessens the caffeine while increasing the amount of antioxidant polyphenols
that help with weight loss.
- Finding food sensitivities and intolerances can lower a persons
stress hormones and inflammatory responses which allows for stabilization of the immune system, digestive system, and often
a loss of weight. Gluten and dairy sensitivities are by far the most common. See www.enterolab.com for testing, and/or try the 28-Day Elimination and Detoxification Diet found in the appendix section of our book, The
Whole Life Nutrition Cookbook. Weight loss of at least 8-11 pounds is common during the elimination diet.
- Organic food lessens toxin exposure and increases phytochemical content.
- Small
frequent meals with a healthy breakfast allow for even keeled metabolism.
- Eating less flour products
and more whole grains like brown rice, quinoa, and teff will assist in stabilizing blood sugar thus lowering fat storage.
- Recent research shows that getting one more hour of sleep a night lessens body weight.
- Staying
away from sweetened beverages (high fructose corn syrup), and trans-fatty acids (hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated oils)
will save your life and slim your gut.
- Mild to moderate exercise (like walking or jogging) allows
for an increase in metabolism without an increase in stress hormones. If you workout too hard, and you are already stressed
out, you might be slowing weight loss in the long run.
- And remember, if you are hungry, you
need to eat. Choose whole, organic, gluten-free foods and enjoy eating! Food is energy, life, fun, yum!
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